The Metals Report: Luisa, where does the rare earth elements (REE) space stand now?
Luisa Moreno: This space has been a learning experience for all of us, and by "us" I don't just mean analysts, but investors, companies, management and end-users.
In the beginning, we realized that some elements are less common than others and we all became very excited with the idea of finding deposits that were rich in heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). But it's harder to develop these projects; hopefully some of them will be developed fast enough to show end-users that the sustainable supply of these elements is possible. The challenges have been around the metallurgy and that's where we stand right now. We have a few frontrunners that have made progress with their metallurgy and we continue to learn more about the economics.
TMR: So, every HREE project out there has warts; it's just a matter of finding the one with the least warts?
LM: You could say that. Each company in this space has a challenge. The key is to find a company with a team that has the potential to overcome its challenges to reach success. It's very hard to know which few companies will make it first, but there are good teams working toward that.
TMR: Some countries and end-users have built up REE stockpiles. How does that impact the space?
LM: It's basically keeping end-users away from the market, as long as they have stockpiles. Some stockpile to avoid high prices. As prices fall to levels that make economic sense to them, they return to the market. In the meantime, there is weak demand and falling prices that send a negative signal to the space. Potential investors may be discouraged when they see such weak demand. However, it was a necessary event. Prices were not economic for some end-users and needed to fall to a more sustainable level.
TMR: When do you believe demand will return?
LM: We're probably 6–12 months away from seeing demand come back.
TMR: You expect production of total rare earth oxides to return to about 140,000 tons in 2015. What's significant about that number?
LM: Just before prices began to sink, the total rare earth production, including yttrium in 2010 for instance, was about 140,000 tons, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. If production reaches those levels again, spurred by demand, it could mean that the market is normalizing.
TMR: You're predicting a dramatic increase in rare earth element production in 2014. What accounts for that jump?
LM: It's based on production from Molycorp Inc. (MCP:NYSE) and Lynas Corp. (LYC:ASX). They're working to ramp up production and plan to reach their targets before the end of this year. My forecast is that they will both be at full production next year.
TMR: Chinese authorities note that 10,000–20,000 tons of rare earth oxides are sold illegally each year. What's your best guess as to how this is affecting publicly traded REE companies?
LM: As long as there is illegal production and exports at those levels, we could conclude that the Chinese are not successfully controlling exports and their production or the producers in their country. My understanding is that some of these are small operations, but they add up. They could be artisanal mines that are not very safe, that operate with poor health, safety and environmental conditions. Even if China is able to enforce all these regulations, it is still likely to remain a lower-cost producer.
TMR: You suggest that there could be a shortage of HREEs until 2016, when a couple of different mines come online. You also forecast that the price per kilogram (kg) of nearly all the rare earths will be heading lower until then, with one exception: dysprosium.
LM: I believe prices will continue to fall. New mines at Molycorp and Lynas coming into production will put pressure on prices of the most common light elements: lanthanum, cerium and even neodymium. Less common elements, such as dysprosium, europium and terbium, will experience less price pressure, I believe.
TMR: What's the path toward investors making money in this market?
LM: The challenge for investors is to find the ones that will make it. They should watch the frontrunners very closely, but adopt a basket approach. Some companies are very close to a definitive feasibility study but might face delays. Others that started later might have a simple metallurgy and be able to advance faster.
This space takes a little bit more technical diligence than other mining spaces. It's important to know the minerals and what the metallurgy is, how much work has been done, what projects have passed the lab scale, what projects are at pilot stage, what are the recovery rates per element. Also important in this market are the cash position and working capital requirements, and, as always, who the management team is and their experience.
TMR: You note that the cost, including separation, of HREE mining projects will likely be around $22 per kilogram ($22/kg) or higher. Meanwhile, the basket cost of light rare earth element mining projects including separation could be as low as $10/kg. What are some projects that should stay close to those thresholds?
LM: Ucore Rare Metals Inc. (UCU:TSX.V; UURAF:OTCQX) put out results early this year at a cost level close to that, at $21/kg. I estimated that Avalon Rare Metals Inc. (AVL:TSX; AVL:NYSE; AVARF:OTCQX) costs would be roughly $23/kg, as per its preliminary feasibility study. However, Avalon just annouced the results of the definitive feasibility study and the costs estimates seem to be more conservative.
TMR: What did you make of Ucore's preliminary economic assessment (PEA)? It said it has a pre-tax net present value (NPV) of $577 million ($577M) using a 10% discount rate. That's a pretty positive number.
LM: It is positive and the company is making good progress. It is an overall good project and a good contender to supply HREEs in the future. Ucore has received great support from the Alaskan Government.
TMR: Frontier Rare Earths Ltd. (FRO:TSX) is reporting costs of about $13/kg. What gets them to that level?
LM: That includes separation of about 10 elements. About 7% of the deposit is estimated to have HREEs and the remaining is light. That is a pretty good cost level if it can achieve that.
Frontier is targeting 20,000 tons per year (20,000 tpa) of total production. Although the HREEs only make about 7% of the deposit, because Frontier targets such a large output, it would be able to produce almost as much HREEs as Matamec Explorations Inc. (MAT:TSX.V; MRHEF:OTCQX) and Ucore, which are smaller-scale projects targeting about 2,000–3,000 tpa. I have a buy rating on Frontier at $1.
TMR: Frontier bills itself as the next major western rare earths producer. Is that realistic?
LM: Yes, it is realistic. Again, time is of the essence. It has a strong team and a good-sized monazite deposit. It's facing fewer challenges than others. Its cash position is strong. It has KORES as a partner. It's doing all the right things.
Project financing will be an important step. If it can achieve that, it will be moving very close to positioning itself as a viable source of development. It could become a good source for some of these less common elements in the market. It is possible, but there are challenges.
TMR: What other companies are making progress?
LM: Tasman Metals Ltd. (TSM:TSX.V; TAS:NYSE.MKT; TASXF:OTCPK; T61:FSE) is working in parallel on a different project. It's showing very high levels of HREEs. The company is still focused on Norra Kärr and has been updating its metallurgy work. The process has been positive. It's targeting production by 2016.
TMR: One company that you cover and that no one else does is Montero Mining and Exploration Ltd. (MON:TSX.V). What do you see in that play that others don't?
LM: I see a simpler metallurgy. The Wigu Hill deposit in Tanzania mimics, in some ways, Molycorp's Mountain Pass deposit in Southern California, which went through a lot of challenges but has been in production since 2007. It will probably have relatively less challenges developing it from a chemical processing point of view.
It is well known that bastnaesite, which is the main mineral at Wigu Hill, has been processed historically for the production of rare earths. The metallurgy is likely to be less complex than the metallurgy of other projects that are using lesser-known, more complex minerals. Sometimes the combination of different minerals in the same deposit makes for a difficult process.
Montero has also made good progress with its metallurgy. It's been able to separate some of the rare earths and even produce some cerium products at lab scale. It signed a memorandum of understanding with a new partner in addition to KORES and it's working on a way to develop the project at a potentially low cost relative to its peers.
TMR: Where are things at with Orbite Aluminae Inc. (ORT:TSX; EORBF:OTXQX)?
LM: Orbite is developing an alumina project that it expects to have byproduct rare earths. In its first plant, the production of rare earths, gallium and scandium will be only a few tonnes. It will be a small source of rare earths.
TMR: Orbite developed a new method of recovering rare earths, but there was some debate as to whether or not it would work on a larger scale. Has that been proven now? Is this a legitimate recovery process?
LM: Currently, Orbite is building a plant for high-purity alumina; that is the focus. The capacity is at about 5 tons per day. It could potentially work as a demonstration plant for the larger smelter-grade alumina plant, but until it completes the commissioning and proves that it's economically and technically viable, we cannot make definitive conclusions. Management is very confident in the project and indicated that it should reach commercial production by Q1/14. I think many agree that the technical viability of the project is there. It just has to ultimately prove that it's also economically viable. The process could be adapted to recover alumina and rare earths from red mud, and Orbite has an agreement with Veolia Environmental Services (a subsidiary of Veolia Environnement [VE:NYSE]) for that purpose. The production of rare earths from multiple red mud remediation plants could become important source of rare earths and other rare metals.
TMR: Are you planning to initiate coverage on any new names in this space?
LM: Yes, I am. I can't tell you which ones because then I would have to kill you and that's not good for any of us. We're always looking for good names and we have seen projects that are in our universe that are progressing well and we could potentially add more rare earth names.
TMR: You see supply-chain development as the next challenge in the REE space. Fill us in on what you mean by that.
LM: The REE companies we are discussing are developing mines and some may build refineries to refine or produce individual elements. China still has most of the capabilities downstream for magnets, for instance. After the elements are separated, China also dominates the process of producing the metals and alloys. China has about 80% of the capability for the production of alloys; Japan has close to 17%; and the rest of the world has a miniscule portion. Great Western Minerals Group Ltd. (GWG:TSX.V; GWMGF:OTCQX) produces alloys, but its production was about 203 tonnes in 2012. Furthermore, it doesn't yet have the capability to produce metals.
The bottom line is that we will have to see that supply chain developed outside of China.
TMR: In the magnet supply chain, can those percentages dramatically change over the next several years or is that the way it's going to be for the foreseeable future?
LM: They could change, but other regions need to get enough metal to be able to close the gap. The rest of the world needs to produce its own metal and supply it to the Japanese and Europeans, otherwise they will still be dependent on China to get the products to produce their magnets.
TMR: Molycorp brought the market its "mines to magnets" strategy, and that was successful for a time, but the message seems lost now. Do you believe that other companies should go further downstream and adopt that tact to attract investors back to the sector?
LM: The supply chain needs to be developed. The mining companies need to be talking to potential end-users. But complete vertical integration may not be the solution. One step at a time is a better strategy. Develop the mine first, be able to produce a concentrate and then learn how to refine. Then continue talking to the end-users and alloy producers and magnets producers. Those are very complex materials that require a lot of knowledge—some of them are patented protected as well.
End-users and miners will have to meet halfway and work together. It is a bigger challenge for miners to try to develop complete vertical integration. It's very difficult. It's also difficult for end-users to operate a mine when that is not their experience or business model. End-users downstream and miners upstream will gradually meet halfway for development of a supply chain.
TMR: Thanks for speaking with me today.
Luisa Moreno is a mining and metals analyst. She covers industry metals with a major focus on strategic metals companies. She has been a guest speaker on television and at international conferences. Luisa has published reports on rare earths and other critical metals and has been quoted in newspapers and industry blogs. She holds a bachelor's and master's in physics engineering as well as a PhD in materials and mechanics from Imperial College, London.
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DISCLOSURE:
1) Brian Sylvester conducted this interview for The Metals Report and provides services to The Metals Report as an independent contractor. He or his family own shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: None.
2) The following companies mentioned in the interview are sponsors of The Metals Report: Frontier Rare Earths Ltd., Tasman Metals Ltd., Great Western Minerals Group Ltd. and Orbite Aluminae Inc. Streetwise Reports does not accept stock in exchange for its services or as sponsorship payment.
3) Luisa Moreno: I or my family own shares of the following companies mentioned in this interview: None. I personally am or my family is paid by the following companies mentioned in this interview: None. My company has a financial relationship with the following companies mentioned in this interview: None. I was not paid by Streetwise Reports for participating in this interview. Comments and opinions expressed are my own comments and opinions. I had the opportunity to review the interview for accuracy as of the date of the interview and am responsible for the content of the interview.
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